1.Why Netapp using RAID 4?.RAID 4 has any advantages compated to RAID5?.
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Sri.
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a) RAID-4 uses large stripes. It can read records from any single drive. This allows you to take advantage of overlapped I/O for read operations. Since all write operations have to update the parity drive, no I/O overlapping is possible.
b) RAID-5 includes a rotating parity array, thus addressing the write limitation in RAID-4. All read and write operations can be overlapped. RAID-5 stores parity information but not redundant data (however, parity information can be used to reconstruct the data). RAID-5 requires at least three and usually five disks for the array. It's best for multi-user systems in which performance is not critical or which do few write operations.
c) RAID-4 is faster than RAID-5 because the parity is written to a dedicated disk, rather than scattered around with the data. If you have N disks, you'd have N-1 data disks, and 1 parity disk.
What happens when the parity disk is lost? You have lost all protection! There is no parity, and hence no way to calculate the data.
For this reason RAID-4 is considered dangerous and is not often used.
NetApp uses it in their WAFL file system for their product line of NetApp Filer and NetCache.
d) So, the advantage of RAID-4 is that it has the highest read data transaction rate, with a medium write data transaction rate.
Data is stripped on disk creating high efficiency along with a good aggregate transfer rate. Parity is stored on a separate disk.
A couple of things. First, VK2COT, with all due respect you are not making any sense in you reply above. RAID4 is not faster than RAID5 and it is not dangerous. Take a look at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid4#RAID_4 for an explanation of RAID4 and RAID5. As you can see they are identical in terms of data and parity disks. The ONLY difference is the parity disk in RAID4 is dedicated and the parity disk in RAID5 is distributed. And that's all the difference there is.
Now the distributed parity disk in RAID5 gives an advantage to RAID5 over RAID4 for the following reason.
Lets say you have a 5-disk raid4 and a 5-disk raid5 group.
In a read operation, the parity disk does NOT needed to be read. So reading a raid4 set involves always reading the first 4 disks, 1,2,3,4 and never disk 5. Reading a raid5 disk still requires reading 4 disks, BUT a different set of 4 disks each time. One read would read disks 1,2,3,4 another read would read disks 1,2,3,5, another one 1,2,4,5 and so on. This is the BIG advantage of RAID5 over RAID4, you are doing read i/o using 5 disks in RAID5 and 4 disks in RAID4. In the example above with 5 disks, raid5 would outperform raid4 by about 20% (the equivalent of the fifth disk)
A similar argument can be made for writing. In both cases all 5 disks are written to but in raid4 the 5th disk is always calculated as a parity disk and the writes are queued differently for the data disk and differently for the parity disk. In a write intense raid group you may end up with a bottleneck on the parity disk as the parity stripe is calculated to be written out. In the case of raid5 since the parity disk is distributed, the writing is much more uniform across all 5 disks.
Historically raid4 came first and it was a huge innovation. Then when raid5 came out as an improvement over raid4, it phased out raid4. And that's that.
Now back to NetApp, I don't thing they use RAID4, instead they use RAID6, two parity disks and they do that for extra safety. There are two kinds of RAID6 depending on how they treat the two parity disks and one raid6 type is much faster than the other. But that's another thread topic.
I still stand by statement that RAID-4 is DANGEROUS because the parity is NOT DISTRIBUTED and IS ON SINGLE DISK. Wikipedia image clearly shows it :)
Loose the parity disk and everything is "unconnected".
NetApp is known to support RAID-0, RAID-1+0, RAID-4, and now RAID-6 (RAID-DP). The RAID-6 by NetApp came in 2006 after HDS and HP offerings in their product range.
I don't see how distributed parity gives you an advantage if you have two disk drives fail - no matter if its RAID-4 or RAID-5.
The advantage of RAID-4 in a NetApp box is:
- the file system and the RAID-level work together - is is not a file system on a RAID block device.
- an aggregate (RAID-set) can be grown easily by adding a 'zeroed disk'. The file system just starts using the additional disk drive. Recovery is no problem because Any-Data XOR 0 = Any-Data.
> I still stand by statement that RAID-4 is DANGEROUS because the parity is NOT DISTRIBUTED and IS ON SINGLE DISK.
Actually if THE parity disk fails in raid4, there is NO need for data reconstruction while the disk has NOT been replaced yet, whereas in RAID5 you need to do data reconstruction for most of the stripes. So raid4 has an advantage over raid4 in this case. As far as safety, raid4 and raid5 can tolerate a disk failure the same way. It is the floating parity in raid5 that gives raid5 a performance advantage over raid4. If you read carefully mu explanation above you would understand it.
> Loose the parity disk and everything is "unconnected".
What does this mean? Do you read or understand what you write? Losing the parity disk in raid4 does not disconnect anything differently tahn losing a data disk in raid4 or any disk in raid5.
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